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Rickets in black children beyond infancy in Natal
R Bhimma1, J M Pettifor, H M Coovadia
1Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Natal.
Insights
This study identified privational rickets (calcium/vitamin D deficiency) and phosphopenic rickets as common in Black children in Durban. Early recognition of clinical signs is crucial for timely intervention in pediatric rickets.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Endocrinology
- Nutritional Science
Background:
- Rickets, a condition affecting bone mineralization, is prevalent in developing regions.
- Understanding the specific types and clinical presentations of rickets in diverse pediatric populations is essential for effective management.
Purpose of the Study:
- To delineate the clinical spectrum of rickets in Black children beyond infancy.
- To identify the most common etiologies and clinical manifestations of rickets in this demographic.
Main Methods:
- A prospective study involving 37 Black children (aged 1-12 years) with rickets was conducted.
- Diagnosis was confirmed through clinical, radiological, and biochemical assessments, excluding other potential causes.
- Patients were categorized based on vitamin D levels and suspected calcium deficiency or phosphopenia.
Main Results:
- Privational rickets (calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency) was diagnosed in 23 patients.
- Phosphopenic rickets was identified in 10 patients, with 4 cases showing healing.
- Common presentations included limb bowing, stunting, and skeletal deformities; the calcium and vitamin D deficient group responded better to therapy.
Conclusions:
- This study establishes a recognizable pattern of rickets beyond infancy in South Africa, highlighting privational and phosphopenic rickets as the most common types.
- Recognizing key clinical signs like limb bowing and skeletal deformities can alert healthcare professionals to potential rickets cases.
- The findings underscore the importance of addressing nutritional deficiencies in pediatric bone health.
Objective:
To determine the clinical spectrum of rickets among black children admitted to King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban.
Design:
Prospective study of black children with rickets beyond infancy.
Setting:
Hospital-based population; King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban.
Participants:
A total of 37 patients, aged 1-12 years, were recruited over a 3-year period. None had been on vitamin D or calcium supplementation prior to investigation.
Outcome Measures:
Rickets was diagnosed clinically, radiologically and biochemically (by a raised alkaline phosphatase value of > 350 IU). Gastro-intestinal, hepatic and renal glomerular causes were excluded in all patients using standard clinical and laboratory criteria.
Results:
Twenty-three patients were diagnosed as having privational rickets. Nine had 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) levels of < 10 ng/ml while 14 had levels within the normal range and were suspected of having dietary calcium deficiency. Ten had a phosphopenic variety of rickets; the remaining 4 had healing or healed rickets on the basis of radiological assessment and normal biochemical values. Pain together with difficulty in walking and bowing of the lower limbs were the main reasons for presentation. The main clinical findings were thickened wrists and ankles and rickety rosary (100%), stunting (85%), anterior bowing of lower limbs (70%) and genu valgum (65%). The calcium and vitamin D deficiency group showed a much better clinical, biochemical and radiological response to therapy than the phosphopenic group on follow-up (18 patients).
Conclusion:
This is the first substantial report on rickets in the older child in Natal, which extends the findings from Transvaal, thereby establishing a recognisable pattern of rickets beyond infancy in South Africa. It draws attention to the common clinical presentations which may alert health professionals to the presence of this problem. This report demonstrates that the two commonest types are privational rickets (due to calcium and/or vitamin D deficiency) and phosphopenic rickets.