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Hawthorne effect: implications for prehospital research

J P Campbell1, V A Maxey, W A Watson

  • 1School of Medicine, Truman Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, USA.

Annals of Emergency Medicine
|November 1, 1995
PubMed
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The Hawthorne effect, where awareness of study participation alters behavior, impacts prehospital research. Specific notifications about medication and quality improvement audits significantly improved paramedic documentation frequency.

Area of Science:

  • Emergency Medicine
  • Health Services Research
  • Research Methodology

Background:

  • The Hawthorne effect describes behavioral changes due to study awareness.
  • Prehospital research often relies on paramedic data collection.
  • Understanding this effect is crucial for accurate prehospital study design.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if paramedic documentation frequency is affected by awareness of study participation.
  • To assess the impact of different notification types on paramedic performance.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective, sequential intervention study was conducted in an urban emergency medical services system.
  • 145 paramedics' run reports from August 1992 to May 1993 were analyzed.
  • Interventions included memos regarding documentation importance, a medication study, and a quality-improvement audit.

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Main Results:

  • A general awareness memo did not significantly alter documentation rates.
  • A medication study notification improved medication and allergy documentation.
  • A quality-improvement audit notification significantly enhanced documentation of all parameters.

Conclusions:

  • The Hawthorne effect is present in prehospital research, even without direct observation or feedback.
  • A perceived demand for performance can trigger this effect.
  • Prehospital study designs and data interpretation must account for the Hawthorne effect.