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Related Concept Videos

Inertial Frames of Reference01:03

Inertial Frames of Reference

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Newton’s first law is usually considered to be a statement about reference frames. It provides a method for identifying a special type of reference frame: the inertial reference frame. In principle, we can make the net force on a body zero. If its velocity relative to a given frame is constant, then that frame is said to be inertial. So, by definition, an inertial reference frame is a reference frame where Newton's first law holds valid. Newton's first law applies to objects with...
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A rocket's velocity in the presence of a gravitational field is decreased by the amount of force exerted by Earth's gravitational field, which opposes the motion of the rocket. If we consider thrust, that is, the force exerted on a rocket by the exhaust gases, then a rocket's thrust is greater in outer space than in the atmosphere or on a launch pad. In fact, gases are easier to expel in a vacuum.
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Rocket Propulsion in Gravitational Field - I01:20

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Rockets range in size from small fireworks that ordinary people use to the enormous Saturn V that once propelled massive payloads toward the Moon. The propulsion of all rockets, jet engines, deflating balloons, and even squids and octopuses are explained by the same physical principle: Newton's third law of motion. The matter is forcefully ejected from a system, producing an equal and opposite reaction on what remains.
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Inverted immersion as a novel gravitoinertial environment

W T Norfleet1, A C Coats, M R Powell

  • 1NASA/Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
|September 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Inverted immersion (II) causes significant motion sickness (MS) and postural instability. This novel environment is more provocative of MS symptoms than upright immersion (UI).

Keywords:
NASA Center JSCNASA Discipline Environmental Health

Related Experiment Videos

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Human Factors Engineering
  • Vestibular Science

Background:

  • Inverted immersion (II) alters the gravity vector relative to vestibular organs, creating a novel gravitoinertial environment.
  • While extrathoracic fluid dynamics are similar to upright immersion (UI), the altered orientation is hypothesized to induce motion sickness (MS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine if inverted immersion (II) is more provocative of motion sickness (MS) than upright immersion (UI).
  • To assess postural stability following II compared to UI.

Main Methods:

  • Nine subjects underwent both II and UI conditions wearing SCUBA gear.
  • Participants performed tasks including puzzle assembly, head movements, and ambulation for up to 3 hours or until nausea onset.
  • Postural stability was assessed post-dive, and pre-dive questionnaires evaluated MS susceptibility.

Main Results:

  • Seven of nine subjects terminated the II trial due to MS, compared to none during UI (p < 0.025).
  • Postural stability was significantly reduced after II compared to UI (p < 0.05).
  • Pre-dive MS susceptibility did not predict II-induced MS.

Conclusions:

  • Inverted immersion (II) is a potent stimulus for inducing motion sickness (MS).
  • II also leads to significant postural instability.
  • Further research into the mechanisms and countermeasures for II-induced MS is warranted.