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The respiratory system in a cold environment

G G Giesbrecht1

  • 1Laboratory for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Physical Education & Recreation Studies, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.

Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine
|September 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
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Cold air exposure negatively impacts respiratory function, causing bronchoconstriction and reduced clearance. Chronic exposure leads to airway changes linked to respiratory diseases.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Physiology
  • Respiratory Medicine

Background:

  • Cold exposure significantly affects the respiratory system.
  • Responses include bronchoconstriction, reduced mucociliary clearance, and altered ventilation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the physiological and morphological effects of acute and chronic cold exposure on the human respiratory system.
  • To explore the implications of these changes for respiratory health and disease.

Main Methods:

  • Review of physiological responses to cold air inhalation.
  • Analysis of morphological adaptations in airways due to chronic cold exposure.

Main Results:

  • Acute cold exposure compromises pulmonary mechanics and decreases ventilation and chemosensitivity.

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  • Chronic exposure induces structural changes in airways, including increased goblet cells and smooth muscle hypertrophy.
  • Cold exposure increases pulmonary vascular resistance, potentially exacerbating altitude-related conditions.

    • Conclusions:

    • Cold-induced respiratory changes can impair immune function and exacerbate conditions like asthma.
    • Morphological changes from chronic cold exposure may contribute to COPD, bronchitis, and pulmonary hypertension.