Glycolaldehyde causes DNA-protein crosslinks: a new aspect of ethylene oxide genotoxicity

After in vitro incubation of human peripheral mononuclear blood cells with glycolaldehyde (a putative metabolite of ethylene oxide) for 2 h at 37 degrees C, a dose-dependent increase in DNA crosslinks was observed in a dose range between 1 and 10 mM using the alkaline filter elution technique. The elution rate of mononuclear blood cells after treatment with ionizing radiation (600 cGy) was reduced more than 5-fold if cells were incubated with 10 mM glycolaldehyde for 2 h. After treatment with proteinase K DNA crosslinks were no longer detected in cells incubated with glycolaldehyde. Therefore the crosslinks produced by glycolaldehyde could clearly be identified as DNA-protein crosslinks. Additionally glycolaldehyde induced DNA single-strand breaks in a dose range between 1 and 10 mM. The elution rate of mononuclear blood cells was increased about 18-fold if cells were incubated with 5 mM glycolaldehyde for 2 h using an elution procedure with proteinase K. In vitro incubation of mononuclear cells with ethylene oxide for 2 h at 37 degrees resulted in a dose-dependent increase in DNA single-strand breaks between 0.5 and 10 mM ethylene oxide. Moreover, a time-dependent increase in DNA single-strand breaks after incubation with 1.5 mM ethylene oxide was observed with an increased number of single-strand breaks already detectable after 15 min and a maximum level which was detected after 2 h of incubation. However, no DNA-DNA or DNA-protein crosslinks could be detected although a wide concentration range and many different incubation times were tested. Therefore DNA crosslinks, for which evidence was found in mononuclear blood cells of humans occupationally exposed to ethylene oxide, are possibly generated by glycolaldehyde, a putative intermediate in the metabolism of ethylene oxide to glycolic acid.