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Autoimmunity caused by host cell protein-containing viruses

O Rott1, S Herzog, E Cash

  • 1Institut für Virologie, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Germany.

Medical Microbiology and Immunology
|September 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Viral infections can trigger autoimmune diseases like postinfectious encephalomyelitis by incorporating myelin basic protein (MBP) into viruses. This study shows how viruses grown in specific cells can activate T cells against MBP, explaining this autoimmune response.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Virology
  • Autoimmunity

Background:

  • Postinfectious encephalomyelitis (PIE) is an autoimmune CNS disease following viral infections.
  • Autoreactive T cells targeting myelin basic protein (MBP) are found in PIE patients.
  • The mechanism breaking self-tolerance during viral infections remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the hypothesis that viral incorporation of self-proteins triggers autoimmunity.
  • To determine if viruses grown in myelin-expressing cells can induce T cell responses to MBP.

Main Methods:

  • Vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) was cultured in cell lines expressing myelin proteins.
  • In vitro T cell assays were used to assess responses to MBP.
  • In vivo studies were conducted to evaluate the priming of autoreactive T cells.

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Main Results:

  • VSV grown in myelin-expressing cells efficiently triggered T cell responses to MBP in vitro.
  • This VSV preparation also primed autoreactive T cell immune responses in vivo.
  • Findings support the role of viral incorporation of CNS components in PIE pathogenesis.

Conclusions:

  • Incorporation of central nervous system (CNS) membrane components into viral envelopes may be a common mechanism in PIE.
  • This process can lead to the priming of self-reactive immune responses, causing autoimmune CNS damage.
  • The study provides a potential explanation for the development of postinfectious encephalomyelitis.