Downregulation of lysyl oxidase in cadmium-resistant fibroblasts

Lysyl oxidase, a copper-dependent metalloenzyme, plays a central role in crosslinking of collagen and elastin in the extracellular matrix. Notably, lung lysyl oxidase activity is markedly stimulated in rats exposed to cadmium vapors. To further understand the mechanism of cadmium toxicity, the mRNA expression, synthesis, post-translational processing, and catalytic activity of lysyl oxidase were examined in cadmium-resistant (CdR) cells and the cadmium-sensitive Swiss mouse 3T3 cells from which they were derived. These CdR cells synthesized and accumulated markedly elevated levels of metallothionein, a known marker for cadmium resistance, whereas the expression of lysyl oxidase was reduced considerably. In comparison to the parental, cadmium-sensitive cells, the suppression of enzyme production in the CdR cells was seen at the mRNA level, at the levels of intracellular proprotein production and mature enzyme secreted into the medium, and in terms of total enzyme activity in the culture. The presence of cupric chloride in the culture medium during the incubation of the CdR cells for 16 h significantly enhanced lysyl oxidase activity accumulating in the medium, suggesting that lysyl oxidase deficiency in CdR cells may be related to abnormal copper metabolism.