Related Experiment Video
Updated: Aug 25, 2026
Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
Published on: November 2, 2013
A guide to the interpretation of serum prostate specific antigen levels
1Department of Laboratory Medicine, Sunnybrook Health Science Centre, University of Toronto, Canada.
Objective:
To review the factors that affect the concentration of prostate specific antigen (PSA) in the serum.
Results:
The discussion includes the structure of PSA; its distribution and metabolism; various analytical aspects of PSA measurements; the effects of clinical manipulations on PSA, including digital rectal examination, transrectal ultrasound, cystoscopy, biopsy and transurethral resection of the prostate; factors affecting PSA levels in health, in benign disease, and in prostate cancer; the effect of various treatments on PSA; and the issue of reference ranges.
Conclusion:
Laboratory staff and physicians must take many factors into consideration when interpreting PSA results.
