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Pope John XXI, ophthalmologist

D Blanchard

    Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology
    |January 1, 1995
    PubMed
    Summary

    Pope John XXI, an ophthalmologist, authored a medical text on eye diseases. His work, though plagiarized, influenced later medical understanding of eye conditions.

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    Area of Science:

    • History of Medicine
    • Ophthalmology

    Background:

    • Pope John XXI, originally an ophthalmologist, had a significant career in medicine before his papacy.
    • He received training from the University of Paris and contributed to the early medical faculty at Siena.
    • His medical expertise led him to become the physician for Pope Gregory X.

    Discussion:

    • His textbook detailed eye anatomy, diseases, and treatments, including a section on "wonderful waters."
    • The book's survival is evidenced by a copy found among Michelangelo's papers.
    • A critical analysis revealed the textbook to be a plagiarism of two earlier works.

    Key Insights:

    • Pope John XXI's supposed discovery of glaucoma as a "hard eye" disease was a misinterpretation.
    • This finding actually referred to sclerophthalmia, a suppurative external disease with indurated lids.
    • The historical attribution of glaucoma discovery to Pope John XXI is inaccurate.

    Outlook:

    • Re-evaluation of historical medical texts is crucial for accurate understanding.
    • This case highlights the importance of verifying attributions in medical history.
    • Further research into medieval ophthalmology texts may uncover more such instances.

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