Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2026

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice
07:33

Intralymphatic Immunotherapy and Vaccination in Mice

Published on: February 2, 2014

Local massage after vaccination enhances the immunogenicity of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine

C Y Hsu1, L M Huang, C Y Lee

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Taipei Municipal Maternal and Child Health Hospital, Taiwan.

The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal
|July 1, 1995
PubMed

The effect of local massage on adverse reactions and immunogenicity of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine was investigated. After diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination 327 infants were either massaged or not, and adverse reactions were evaluated. Local pain and fever were more frequent in the massage group. The extra febrile episodes from massage were mild (38-39 degrees C). For evaluation of the antibody responses, 124 infants were recruited into massage or nonmassage cohorts and antibody production was measured at 2, 6, 7, 18 and 19 months of age, respectively. Subjects in the massage group developed significantly higher antibodies against filamentous hemagglutinin at 6 and 7 months of age, pertussis toxin at 6, 7, 18 and 19 months of age, pertussis agglutinogen at 18 and 19 months of age and those in the nonmassage group. Local massage after diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination was associated with better immunogenicity and more adverse reactions, including low grade fever and local pain, which were mild and not particularly disturbing.

More Related Videos

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector08:10

Simultaneous Quantification of Anti-vector and Anti-transgene-Specific CD8+ T Cells Via MHC I Tetramer Staining After Vaccination with a Viral Vector

Published on: November 28, 2018

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice08:52

Evaluation of Host-Pathogen Responses and Vaccine Efficacy in Mice

Published on: February 22, 2019

Related Concept Videos

Vaccinations01:51

Vaccinations

Overview
Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers01:24

Local Anesthetics: Differential Sensitivity of Nerve Fibers

Local anesthetics (LAs) block the sodium channels of nerve trunks, sensory nerve endings, and neuromuscular junctions. Although LAs can block all kinds of nerves, the sensitivity of nerve fibers differs according to nerve types and structures. LAs are known to block myelinated fibers faster than unmyelinated ones. Also, they block pain or sensory neurons at low concentrations without affecting the motor neurons involved in muscle contractions. This helps relieve labor pain without affecting the...
Immunological Memory01:23

Immunological Memory

Immunological memory, a pivotal pillar of the adaptive immune system, is responsible for the body's ability to remember and respond more swiftly and effectively to previously encountered pathogens. This remarkable feature is what makes vaccines so effective in preventing diseases.
What is Immunological Memory?
Immunological memory is an integral function of the immune system that allows it to recognize and react more rapidly and effectively to pathogens previously encountered. This feature is...
Active versus Passive Immunity01:31

Active versus Passive Immunity

Immunity, along with the ability to limit pathogen growth to prevent significant body tissue damage, can be gained either by (1) actively developing an immune response within the individual after exposure to a pathogen or after getting vaccinated or (2) passively transferring immune components from an immune individual to one who is nonimmune. Both these forms of immunity can be found naturally and in medical practices.
Active Immunity
Active immunity refers to the resistance one develops...
Vaccines01:21

Vaccines

Vaccines are among the most effective tools in preventive medicine, designed to prepare the immune system to recognize and combat infectious agents. By introducing antigens—substances that the immune system identifies as foreign—vaccines stimulate an adaptive immune response that leads to immunological memory. This immunological memory enables the body to mount a faster and more effective response upon future exposures to the actual pathogen.Vaccines can be categorized based on the type of...
Diphtheria01:28

Diphtheria

Diphtheria is an acute, toxin-mediated infectious disease that primarily affects the upper respiratory tract. It is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, a Gram-positive, pleomorphic rod that lacks spore-forming capability and exhibits a characteristic club-shaped morphology under microscopic examination. While C. diphtheriae can asymptomatically colonize mucosal surfaces, clinical disease manifests only when the bacterial strain is lysogenized by a specific β-corynephage. This phage...