VIP as a cell-growth and differentiation neuromodulator role in neurodevelopment

In addition to its commonly recognized status as a neuromodulator of virtually all vital functions, including neurobiological, the neuropeptide VIP plays a role in the control of cell growth and differentiation and of neuronal survival. Through these actions, VIP, whose impact appears early in ontogeny, may possess developmental functions. VIP can be stimulatory or inhibitory on cell growth in function of the model considered. The growth regulatory actions of VIP, which are often independent of cAMP, are most likely significant when mitogenic or trophic factors, eventually released by nontarget cells, are simultaneously present in the extracellular medium. The intracellular mechanisms that mediate these actions of VIP may involve different transduction cascades triggered by subsets of VIP binding sites that may coexist in the same tissue.