X-ray microanalytical and morphological observations of the interface region between ceramic implant and bone

In 8 monkeys both the maxillary lateral incisors were extracted. In the 16 extraction sites an Al2O3-ceramic dental implant (Frialit) was immediately inserted. Eight implants were submerged under the oral mucosa and the other 8 were allowed to penetrate through the mucosa during the observation period. None of the implants was loaded during the observation periods. After experimental periods of 1, 2, 4 and 8 months, the interface region between the implant and bone was examined using scanning-electron microscopy, X-ray microanalysis, back scatter, microradiography and light microscopy. The results showed that osseointegration of Al2O3-ceramic dental implant was obtained. The newly formed bone around the implant filled exactly the contours of the implant. Newly formed bone had a mineral content and a phosphorus-to-calcium ratio similar to that of the adjacent older mature jaw bone. There were no differences in the osseointegration rate between the submerged and the nonsubmerged implants. No leakage of aluminium from the implant could be detected in the bone.