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Association of hormone replacement therapy with hemostatic and other cardiovascular risk factors. The FINRISK
V Salomaa1, V Rasi, J Pekkanen
1Department of Epidemiology and Health Promotion, National Public Health Institute, Helsinki, Finland.
Insights
Menopause significantly increases cardiovascular disease risk in women. Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) use and menopausal status are linked to cardiovascular risk factors, particularly cholesterol and clotting factors.
Area of Science:
- Cardiovascular Health
- Endocrinology
- Hematology
Background:
- Cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk in women escalates post-menopause, contributing significantly to mortality.
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is proposed for CVD prevention in perimenopausal/postmenopausal women, but its impact remains unclear.
Purpose of the Study:
- To investigate the associations between menopause, HRT use, and cardiovascular risk factors in women.
- To specifically examine the influence of menopausal status and HRT on hemostatic factors.
Main Methods:
- Cross-sectional study of 1202 women aged 45-64 from the FINRISK Hemostasis Study.
- Analysis adjusted for age, area, smoking, BMI, diabetes, and education.
- Comparison of cardiovascular risk factors based on menopausal status and HRT use.
Main Results:
- Postmenopausal women not on HRT exhibited higher total and LDL cholesterol compared to premenopausal women.
- Perimenopausal women (irregular menstruation) showed elevated plasma fibrinogen, factor VII coagulant activity, and factor VII antigen.
Conclusions:
- Menopause is associated with adverse changes in lipid profiles.
- Perimenopausal changes correlate with increased coagulation factors, suggesting potential hemostatic alterations.
- Further research is needed to clarify the role of HRT in mitigating menopausal cardiovascular risks.
Abstract:
The risk of cardiovascular diseases in women is small until menopause but increases considerably afterwards. When all age groups are considered, cardiovascular diseases are responsible for approximately half of the total mortality in women. It has been suggested that hormone replacement therapy (HRT) in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women could be useful in the prevention of cardiovascular diseases, but its effects are insufficiently known. We performed a cross-sectional study on the associations of menopause and HRT with cardiovascular risk factors, in particular with hemostatic factors, on female participants of the FINRISK Hemostasis Study. The participants, aged 45 to 64 years, were recruited from the Finnish population register by random sampling from three geographically defined areas. The participation rate of women was 83.2%. Of the 1202 women included in the study, 29.2% were current users of HRT. Differences in cardiovascular risk factors by menopausal status and by HRT use were examined after adjustment for age, study area, current smoking, body mass index, self-reported diabetes, and years of education. Postmenopausal women not using exogenous sex hormones had on average a total cholesterol level 0.5 mmol/L (8.9%) higher and an LDL cholesterol level 0.4 mmol/L (11.4%) higher than premenopausal women. Women reporting irregular menstruation (presumably due to perimenopause) had higher adjusted plasma fibrinogen, factor VII coagulant activity, and factor VII antigen than women with regular menstruation or no menstrual periods.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)