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Related Experiment Videos

Why are there sometimes concreteness effects in memory for prose?

M Marschark1, C Cornoldi, C J Huffman

  • 1National Technical Institute for the Deaf, Rochester Institute of Technology, USA.

Memory (Hove, England)
|March 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
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Memory for text hinges on presentation. Concreteness effects in memory are not universal, varying with how text is presented and whether imageability is manipulated within or between subjects.

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Experimental Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics

Background:

  • Previous research on text memory yielded conflicting results regarding concreteness effects.
  • The role of imagery (mental visualization) in text comprehension and recall remains an active area of investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how on-line encoding strategies and memory for high versus low imagery texts are affected by presentation methods.
  • To clarify contradictory findings in prior studies concerning concreteness effects in text memory.

Main Methods:

  • Four experiments were conducted manipulating text imageability (high vs. low) and presentation (between-subjects vs. within-subjects).
  • Moving window analyses were used to examine text processing strategies during reading.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Memory recall for high and low imagery texts was assessed.

    • Main Results:

    • Concreteness effects in memory for prose were found to be dependent on presentation method.
    • Concreteness effects were absent when imageability was manipulated between-subjects.
    • When imageability was manipulated within-subjects, concreteness effects depended on the order of presentation.
    • Differential processing strategies observed in auditory presentation did not generalize to reading.

    Conclusions:

    • The occurrence of concreteness effects in text memory is contingent upon experimental design, particularly the manipulation of imageability.
    • Findings challenge the universality of concreteness effects and highlight the importance of presentation order and subject-wise versus item-wise manipulations.
    • Implications for theories of mental imagery and memory are discussed, emphasizing context-dependent memory effects.