Changes in elemental composition of human chromosomes during a G-banding (ASG) and a C-banding (BSG) procedure

Human chromosomes fixed in methanol-acetic acid have been examined by X-ray microanalysis, before, during and after a G-banding and a C-banding procedure. Phosphorus (representing mainly DNA), sulphur and calcium are the most prominent elements in untreated chromosomes. In the G-banding procedure, the calcium is lost during 2 x SSC treatment. In the C-banding procedure, calcium is lost in the preliminary HCl treatment. During the following barium hydroxide treatment a large amount of barium becomes attached to the chromosomes, but is lost again during the subsequent 2 x SSC treatment. In both banding techniques Giemsa staining produces large peaks for sulphur (thiazine dyes) and bromine (eosin), showing that both types of dyes are involved in the staining. Reduction in the phosphorus peak during these procedures may be partly due to extraction of DNA and other chromosomal components, but could also be due to absorption of phosphorus X-rays by heavy elements (barium and bromine).