Effects of the spatio-temporal structure of optical flow on postural readjustments in man

How does the spatio-temporal structure of an oscillating radial optical flow affect postural stability? In order to investigate this problem, two different types of stimulus pattern were presented to human subjects. These stimuli were generated either with a constant spatial frequency or with a spatial frequency gradient providing monocular depth cues. When the stimulation was set in motion, the gain response of the antero-posterior postural changes depended upon the oscillation frequency of the visual scene. The amplitude of the postural response did not change with the amplitude of the visual scene motion. The spatial orientation of the postural sway (major axis of sway) depended strictly and solely on the structure of the visual scene. In static conditions, depth information resulting from the presence of a spatial frequency gradient enhanced postural stability. When set in motion, a visual scene with a spatial frequency gradient induced an organization of postural sway in the direction of the visual motion. Considering visual dynamic cues, postural instability depended linearly both on the logarithm of the velocity and on the logarithm of the temporal frequency. A nonlinear relationship existed between the amplitude of the fore-aft postural sway at the driving frequency and the temporal frequency, with a peak around 2-4 Hz. These results are discussed in terms of their implications for the separation of visual and biomechanical factors influencing visuo-postural control.