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Updated: Aug 14, 2026

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer
19:53

Single-stage Dynamic Reanimation of the Smile in Irreversible Facial Paralysis by Free Functional Muscle Transfer

Published on: March 1, 2015

Outcome of sixth nerve palsy or paresis in young children

M Aroichane1, M X Repka

  • 1Wilmer Eye Institute, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.

Journal of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus
|May 1, 1995
PubMed

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Cranial nerves are responsible for transmitting motor and sensory information between the brain and various parts of the body. There are twelve pairs of cranial nerves. While the first six innervate the head and neck, the latter six nerves innervate the head and neck, as well as organs and tissues in the thoracic and abdominal cavities. They facilitate communication, expression, and autonomic control within the human body.
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