HMG17 is a chromatin-specific transcriptional coactivator that increases the efficiency of transcription initiation

We have examined the effect of HMG17 on transcription by RNA polymerase II by the assembly and analysis of HMG17-containing chromatin templates consisting of regularly spaced nucleosomal arrays. Structural analysis of the chromatin indicated that HMG17 is incorporated into chromatin in a physiological manner with the full complement of core histones. The transcriptional studies revealed that HMG17 stimulates transcription in conjunction with the sequence-specific activator GAL4-VP16. This effect was observed with chromatin, but not with non-nucleosomal templates, and required the presence of HMG17 during chromatin assembly. The incorporation of HMG17 into chromatin resulted in a 7- to 40-fold stimulation of GAL4-VP16-activated transcription to levels that were comparable to those observed with histone-free DNA templates. In contrast, transcription from HMG17-containing chromatin was not detectable in the absence of GAL4-VP16 or with a GAL4 derivative [GAL4(1-147)] lacking the VP16 activation domain. Finally, the incorporation of HMG17 into chromatin was found to increase the efficiency of transcription initiation, but not the extent of transcriptional elongation. Thus, HMG17 is a chromatin-specific transcriptional coactivator that increases the efficiency of initiation of transcription by RNA polymerase II.