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Related Concept Videos

Viral Recombination00:57

Viral Recombination

Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material for adaptive...
Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons02:54

Evolutionary Relationships through Genome Comparisons

Genome comparison is one of the excellent ways to interpret the evolutionary relationships between organisms. The basic principle of genome comparison is that if two species share a common feature, it is likely encoded by the DNA sequence conserved between both species. The advent of genome sequencing technologies in the late 20th century enabled scientists to understand the concept of conservation of domains between species and helped them to deduce evolutionary relationships across diverse...
Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing01:05

Maxam-Gilbert Sequencing

In the same year as the discovery of the Sanger sequencing method, another group of scientists, Allan Maxam and Walter Gilbert, demonstrated their chemical-cleavage method for DNA sequencing. The Maxam-Gilbert method relies on using different chemicals that can cleave the DNA sequence at specific sites, the separation of resulting DNA fragments of variable size using electrophoresis, and deciphering the DNA sequence from the resulting gel bands.
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Size and Structure of Viral Genomes01:26

Size and Structure of Viral Genomes

Viral genomes exhibit remarkable diversity in size, structure, and composition, influencing their replication strategies and interactions with host cells. These genomes consist of either DNA or RNA and may be linear or circular. Additionally, they can be single-stranded or double-stranded, with each configuration affecting how the virus propagates within a host. RNA viruses, for instance, generally have smaller genomes than DNA viruses, a factor that contributes to their high mutation rates and...
Viruses with RNA Genomes01:29

Viruses with RNA Genomes

RNA viruses are categorized into positive-strand, negative-strand, or double-stranded groups based on their genomic structure and replication mechanisms. This classification dictates how they exploit host cellular machinery for protein synthesis and replication. Some RNA viruses also utilize reverse transcription as part of their life cycle, further diversifying their replication strategies.Positive-Strand RNA VirusesPositive-strand RNA viruses have genomes that function directly as messenger...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency

Published on: June 16, 2011

Use of computer algorithms to reduce viral quasispecies sequence space

E S Epperson1, H W Tyrer

  • 1Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Missouri, Columbia, USA.

Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation
|January 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Understanding viral mutations is key to predicting new strains. This study quantifies the sequence space of viral mutants, reducing complexity from exponential to a product, aiding in identifying future HIV and influenza strains.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

Isolation of Fidelity Variants of RNA Viruses and Characterization of Virus Mutation Frequency
18:10

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09:40

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05:45

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Published on: March 11, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Virology and Bioinformatics
  • Computational Biology
  • Molecular Evolution

Background:

  • Viruses generate diversity through mutations, forming quasispecies.
  • Understanding the full spectrum of potential viral mutants is crucial for predicting viral evolution and developing interventions.
  • Current methods for enumerating viral sequence space are computationally intensive.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a method for reducing the complexity of viral sequence space enumeration.
  • To quantify the number of possible single-point mutants for a viral strand of length n.
  • To explore the potential for predicting future viral strains based on sequence space analysis.

Main Methods:

  • Calculating the total possible sequence space for a viral DNA strand of length n (4^n combinations).
  • Accounting for redundant amino acid codon encoding to reduce the sequence space.
  • Utilizing computational approaches to manage the complexity of sequence space reduction.

Main Results:

  • The theoretical sequence space for a viral strand of length n is 4^n.
  • Redundant codon encoding significantly reduces the number of unique viral entities to O(n * amino-acid-number).
  • This reduction transforms an exponential complexity problem into a more manageable product complexity.

Conclusions:

  • A computationally feasible method for enumerating viral mutant sequence space has been established.
  • This approach allows for a comprehensive understanding of potential viral variants.
  • The framework can aid in predicting future viral strains, such as HIV and influenza, and inform intervention strategies.