The physical nature of a large bowel perforation predicts severity of the subsequent inflammatory response

The aim of the study was to determine how the physical nature of a large bowel perforation influences the host inflammatory response. Two rat models were used: a 4 mm cecal perforation (CP) and a cecal ligation with 23 gauge needle puncture (CLP). CP gave a more fulminant course and this was reflected in higher levels of bacteria, endotoxin, tumor necrosis factor, interleukin-1 (IL-1), and IL-6, which were all strongly compartmentalized in the peritoneal cavity. Despite a sustained enhancement of cytokines in peritoneal fluid, only a temporary burst of tumor necrosis factor, and no release of IL-1, were seen in serum, whereas IL-6 was continuously released. Depletion of leukocytes was more pronounced in CP than CLP. In summary, a large bowel perforation like CP triggers an overwhelming host reaction with leukocytopenia, cytokine release, dehydration, hypoperfusion, and death. The smaller fecal inoculum in CLP gives a more subacute inflammatory response.