Noncardiac pulmonary edema, newer environmental aspects. An update

Accidental spread of potentially toxic gases, fumes, and particulate chemicals has been reported recently in various cities throughout the country and appears to be on the increase throughout the world in the past few years. Moreover, cerebral trauma, septic shock (ARDS), and environmental pulmonary edema from drug intoxication have been commonly encountered. Newer modalities of treatment include selective [corrected] fiber optic bronchoscopy, constant positive airway pressure mask, administration of surfactant, pentoxifylline, and use of newer experimental agents such as nitrous oxide, antitumor necrosis factor (ATNF), and extracorporeal carbon dioxide with low-frequency positive pressure (ECCO2R-LFPPV). The future holds promise for probable reductions in both morbidity and mortality rates of this ubiquitous occupational and environmental health problem, which is of global importance.