Biochemical factors in the lens opacities. Case-control study. The Lens Opacities Case-Control Study Group

Area of Science:

• Ophthalmology
• Nutritional Science
• Biochemistry

Background:

• Lens opacities, commonly known as cataracts, are a leading cause of visual impairment worldwide.
• Nutritional status and biochemical factors are increasingly recognized as potential contributors to cataractogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

• To investigate the association between biochemical indicators of nutritional status and other risk factors with the development of different types of lens opacities.
• To identify specific biomarkers that may predict the risk of cataract formation.

Main Methods:

• A case-control study design was employed within the Lens Opacities Case-Control Study, involving 1380 participants aged 40-79 years.
• Biochemical profiles, including vitamin E, selenium, red blood cell enzymes, and amino acids, were measured.
• Statistical analyses, including polychotomous logistic regression, were used to compare cases and controls, controlling for age and sex.

Main Results:

• Higher levels of vitamin E, albumin-globulin ratio, and iron were associated with a reduced risk of specific types of lens opacities.
• Elevated uric acid levels were linked to an increased risk of mixed opacities.
• High glutathione reductase activity, indicative of low riboflavin status, was associated with a doubled risk of opacities.
• Decreased levels of certain amino acids, such as glycine and aspartic acid, were observed in individuals with lens opacities.

Conclusions:

• Lens opacities are associated with suboptimal nutritional status, including lower levels of riboflavin, vitamin E, iron, and protein.
• Increased uric acid levels represent a risk factor for mixed lens opacities.
• These biochemical findings align with previous dietary and medical history data, suggesting a significant role for nutrition in cataract development.