Mechanisms controlling human head stabilization. II. Head-neck characteristics during random rotations in the...

1. In this study we have tested the hypothesis that the mechanisms controlling stabilization of the head-neck motor system can vary with both the frequency and spatial orientation of an externally applied perturbation. Angular velocity of the head with respect to the trunk (neck) and myoelectric activity of two neck muscles (semispinalis capitis and sternocleidomastoid) were recorded in eight seated subjects during pseudorandom rotations of the trunk in the vertical (pitch) plane. Subjects were externally perturbed with a random sum-of-sines stimulus at frequencies ranging from 0.35 to 3.05 Hz. Four instructional sets were presented. Voluntary mechanisms were examined by having the subjects actively stabilize the head in the presence of visual feedback as the body was rotated (VS). Visual feedback was then removed, and the subjects attempted to stabilize the head in the dark as the body was rotated (NV). Reflex mechanisms were examined when subjects performed a mental arithmetic task during body rotations in the dark (MA). Finally, subjects performed a voluntary head tracking task while the body was kept stationary (VT). 2. In VS and NV, gains and phases of head velocity indicated good compensation for the perturbation at frequencies up to 2 Hz. Between 2 and 3 Hz, gains dropped slowly and then steeply descended above 3 Hz as phases became scattered. 3. In MA, gains were lower and exhibited more scatter than in VS and NV at frequencies < 1 Hz. Phases around -180 degrees indicated that compensatory activity was occurring even with these low gains. Between 1 and 2 Hz, response gains steeply ascended, implying that reflex mechanisms were becoming the predominant mechanism for compensation in this frequency range. Above 2 Hz, gains dropped off to 0.5 and lower, but phases remained close to -180 degrees, suggesting that the reflex mechanisms were not dominant in this frequency range, but that they were still contributing toward compensation for the trunk perturbation. 4. Neck muscle electromyographic (EMG) responses were similar in VS, NV, and MA, demonstrating decreasing gains between 0.35 and 1.5 Hz, and then increasing beyond the previous high level of activation. This U-shaped response pattern implies an enhanced participation of neural mechanisms, probably of reflex origin, in the higher frequency range. 5. Patterns observed during external perturbations of the trunk were not apparent in the response dynamics of voluntary head tracking. In VT, subjects successfully tracked the stimulus only at the lowest frequencies of head movement.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)