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Holins: form and function in bacteriophage lysis

R Young1, U Bläsi

  • 1Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station 77843, USA.

FEMS Microbiology Reviews
|August 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Bacteriophage endolysins degrade peptidoglycan but need holins to reach it. Holins form membrane lesions, enabling lysis, with diverse families identified across bacterial phages.

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Bacteriophages utilize endolysins, phage-encoded enzymes, to degrade peptidoglycan during their lytic cycle.
  • Endolysins accumulate in the bacterial cytosol and require assistance to access their peptidoglycan target.
  • Holins are small membrane proteins that form lesions, facilitating endolysin access and bacterial lysis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize the role and diversity of holins in bacteriophage lysis.
  • To investigate the structure and regulation of holin function.
  • To identify distinct groups and families of holins across different bacteriophages.

Main Methods:

  • Sequence analysis of holin genes from various bacteriophages.
  • Genetic and physiological studies of holin function.
  • Analysis of holin-mediated membrane permeabilization.

Main Results:

  • Identified at least four distinct types of endolysins and the essential role of holins.
  • Determined holins form stable, non-specific membrane lesions.
  • Discovered 11 or more unrelated holin gene families in Eubacteria phages, with at least two major groups in Gram-negative phages.
  • Found evidence of holin regulation at the functional level, intrinsic to holin structure.

Conclusions:

  • Holins are crucial for bacteriophage lysis by creating pores for endolysins.
  • Holins exhibit significant diversity in structure and sequence across different phage groups.
  • Holin function regulation is complex, involving both intrinsic structural properties and potential modulation by other proteins.

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