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Dead space in the breathing apparatus; interaction with ventilation

D E Warkander1, C E Lundgren

  • 1Center for Research in Special Environments, School of Medicine, State University of New York, Buffalo 14214, USA.

Ergonomics
|September 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Breathing apparatus dead space can increase CO2 levels, especially with exercise. The EXO-26 mask showed variable dead space, sometimes exceeding safe CO2 limits, unlike the AGA mask and mouthpiece.

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Area of Science:

  • Diving Physiology
  • Respiratory Mechanics
  • Occupational Safety

Background:

  • Dead space in breathing apparatus can lead to physiological challenges like increased ventilation and carbon dioxide (CO2) retention.
  • Understanding how breathing apparatus design affects dead space under varying conditions is crucial for diver safety.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the impact of different breathing apparatus (AGA full face mask, EXO-26 full face mask, mouthpiece) on dead space and gas exchange.
  • To evaluate the influence of depth and exercise intensity on breathing apparatus dead space and CO2 levels in divers.

Main Methods:

  • Three types of breathing apparatus were tested on five SCUBA divers at depths of 0, 30, and 45 msw.
  • Divers performed exercise at 0, 50, and 100 W while breathing air or a nitrox mix.

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  • Ventilation, end-tidal CO2, and inspired PCO2 were measured to assess gas exchange and dead space effects.

    • Main Results:

    • The AGA mask's dead space remained constant, while the EXO-26's dead space increased with exercise and decreased with depth.
    • Ventilation was higher with the EXO-26 compared to the AGA mask during exercise.
    • End-tidal CO2 increased significantly with the EXO-26 at higher workloads, and inspired PCO2 sometimes exceeded acceptable limits for the EXO-26.

    Conclusions:

    • Breathing apparatus dead space is not constant and can be significantly affected by exercise and depth, necessitating testing beyond rest conditions.
    • The EXO-26 mask's variable dead space can compromise diver safety by leading to elevated CO2 levels, particularly during exertion.
    • Mouthpieces and the AGA mask demonstrated more consistent and acceptable CO2 levels compared to the EXO-26 under tested conditions.