C-mitosis and numerical chromosome aberration analyses in human lymphocytes: 10 known or suspected spindle poisons

As a part of a coordinated EEC project to validate suitable assays for chemically induced genomic mutations, numerical chromosomal aberrations and spindle effects were studied in human lymphocyte cultures exposed to cadmium chloride, chloral hydrate, colchicine, diazepam, econazole, hydroquinone, pyrimethamine, thiabendazole, thimerosal and vinblastine. Chromosome number analysis was carried out after treatment for 48 and 72 h; spindle effects, i.e., increases in the mitotic indices and c-mitoses, were analyzed in cultures treated 5 h before fixation. Dose-related numerical chromosomal aberrations are induced by colchicine and vinblastine, the only chemicals that also induce c-mitotic effects in a wide range of doses. Hyperdiploidy is induced by chloral hydrate, cadmium chloride and thimerosal without dose-effect relationship; chloral hydrate and thimerosal affect spindle functions while only a weak spindle effect is produced by cadmium chloride. Tetraploid and/or endoreduplicated cells are induced without dose-effect relationship by hydroquinone, thiabendazole and thimerosal, all of them able to produce c-mitotic effects. Diazepam and econazole induce only hypodiploidy; pyrimethamine does not induce numerical chromosomal aberrations.