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Giant cells in arthritic synovium

L S Wilkinson1, A A Pitsillides, J C Edwards

  • 1Department of Rheumatology, Faculty of Clinical Sciences, University College, London, United Kingdom.

Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases
|March 1, 1993
PubMed
Summary

Giant cells in arthritic synovium are of two types: synoviocyte-derived and macrophage-derived. These findings differentiate giant cell origins in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Cell Biology
  • Immunohistochemistry

Background:

  • Giant cells are common in inflamed synovium, particularly near the intimal layer.
  • Their precise cellular origin and nature have been unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To re-evaluate the nature of giant cells in inflamed synovium.
  • To differentiate giant cell origins using cytochemical and immunochemical markers.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of synovial tissue sections from non-inflamed, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and osteoarthritis (OA) patients.
  • Immunohistochemical staining for macrophage (CD68, non-specific esterase), synoviocyte (uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase), and osteoclast (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, CD51) markers.

Main Results:

  • Giant cells were absent in non-inflamed synovium.
  • Two main giant cell types were identified in inflamed synovium: CD68 negative/low with high uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase activity (synoviocyte-related) and CD68 positive with low uridine diphosphoglucose dehydrogenase activity (macrophage-related).
  • CD68 positive giant cells showed osteoclast-like features (tartrate resistant acid phosphatase, CD51), but bone resorption capacity is unknown. Synoviocyte-related cells were more prominent in OA, while macrophage-related cells were more prominent in RA.

Conclusions:

  • Giant cells in arthritic synovium originate from two distinct cell lineages: true synoviocytes and macrophages.
  • This distinction provides new insights into the cellular dynamics of synovial inflammation in arthritis.

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