Genomic structure of human transcobalamin II: comparison to human intrinsic factor and transcobalamin I

Human transcobalamin II (TC II) gene was isolated and partially sequenced. The gene is composed of nine exons and eight introns spanning approximately 20 kb. Multiple potential transcription start sites were revealed by primer extension analysis. The 5'-flanking region of the gene contained no TATA-like motif, but a binding motif for HIP1, which is suggested to be important in the transcription of TATA-less housekeeping genes, was identified in a region very close to the initiator methionine codon. In addition, potential binding sites for a variety of transcription factors such as SP1, AP2, CF1, NF-IL6, Ets-1, Myb and E2A were also observed. Comparison of the genomic structure of TC II to other Cbl-binding proteins, human gastric intrinsic factor (IF) and transcobalamin I (TC I) revealed similar intron-exon organizations with respect to the number, position and size of exons. These results suggest that TC II, TC I and IF genes have originated by gene duplications of an ancestral gene and TC II, unlike the other two Cbl-binding proteins, is the product of a "housekeeping" gene.