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Related Concept Videos

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes02:30

Stability of Substituted Cyclohexanes

This lesson discusses the stability of substituted cyclohexanes with a focus on energies of various conformers and the effect of 1,3-diaxial interactions.
The two chair conformations of cyclohexanes undergo rapid interconversion at room temperature. Both forms have identical energies and stabilities, each comprising equal amounts of the equilibrium mixture. Replacing a hydrogen atom with a functional group makes the two conformations energetically non-equivalent.
For example, in...
Polymer Classification: Architecture01:14

Polymer Classification: Architecture

Polymers are classified as linear or branched on the basis of their chain architecture. The polymer chains in linear polymers have a long chain-like structure with minimal to no branching at all. Even if a polymer features large substituent groups on the monomer, which appear as branches to the skeleton, it is not considered a branched polymer. A branched polymer contains secondary polymer chains that arise from the main polymer chain. The branching occurs when the polymer growth shifts from...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:09

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The radical chain-growth polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination of polymerization. The polymerization initiates when a free radical generated from the radical initiator adds to the unsaturated bond in the monomer. The unpaired electron of the free radical and one π electron in the unsaturated bond creates a σ bond between the free radical and the monomer. As a result, the other π electron in the unsaturated bond converts this species into the...
Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching01:17

Radical Chain-Growth Polymerization: Chain Branching

The skeletal structure of polymers synthesized via radical polymerization is always branched. For example, the polymerization of ethylene by radical polymerization results in a low-density grade of polyethylene with a heavily branched skeletal structure. Here, the radical site abstracts hydrogen from the growing chain, and the radical site shifts from the end (a primary carbon center) to anywhere within the growing chain (a secondary carbon center). Consequently, the part of the chain from the...
Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael acceptor.
Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the generated carbocation,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

A molecular dynamics study of branched alpha-cyclodextrin

T Amisaki1, T Fujiwara, S Kobayashi

  • 1Department of Computer and Information Science, Faculty of Science, Shimane University, Matsue, Japan.

Journal of Molecular Graphics
|December 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary

Branched alpha-cyclodextrin exhibits enhanced water solubility due to macrocycle wobbling. This structural flexibility reduces internal hydrogen bonds, allowing greater hydration and improving solubility compared to unbranched cyclodextrins.

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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
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Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Realistic Membrane Modeling Using Complex Lipid Mixtures in Simulation Studies
07:31

Realistic Membrane Modeling Using Complex Lipid Mixtures in Simulation Studies

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Last Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
06:55

Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

Published on: September 26, 2016

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2
11:27

Studying Soft-matter and Biological Systems over a Wide Length-scale from Nanometer and Micrometer Sizes at the Small-angle Neutron Diffractometer KWS-2

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Realistic Membrane Modeling Using Complex Lipid Mixtures in Simulation Studies
07:31

Realistic Membrane Modeling Using Complex Lipid Mixtures in Simulation Studies

Published on: September 1, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Carbohydrate Chemistry
  • Computational Chemistry
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Cyclodextrins are cyclic oligosaccharides with applications in various fields.
  • Branched alpha-cyclodextrins possess higher water solubility than their linear counterparts.
  • Understanding the structural basis for this enhanced solubility is crucial for optimizing their use.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the molecular dynamics and structural features of branched alpha-cyclodextrin.
  • To elucidate the relationship between molecular structure and enhanced water solubility.
  • To explore the conformational dynamics in different environments using simulations.

Main Methods:

  • Molecular dynamics simulations using GROMOS software at 293 K.
  • Simulations conducted in three environments: in vacuo, crystalline state, and aqueous solution.
  • Validation of simulation quality by comparing with X-ray crystallographic data.

Main Results:

  • Identified three key structural features: self-inclusion, twist-boat glucose ring conformation, and macrocycle wobbling.
  • Macrocycle wobbling, observed on a picosecond timescale, is strongly correlated with increased water solubility.
  • Branched alpha-cyclodextrin shows reduced intramolecular hydrogen bonding compared to unbranched forms, facilitating hydration.

Conclusions:

  • The enhanced water solubility of branched alpha-cyclodextrin is primarily attributed to the increased wobbling motion of its macrocycle.
  • This dynamic flexibility disrupts the regular circular shape, weakening internal hydrogen bonds and promoting solvent-water interactions.
  • The additional glucose unit in branched alpha-cyclodextrin plays a key role in inducing this solubility-enhancing conformational flexibility.