Dynamic respiratory responses to preoptic/anterior hypothalamic warming in the sleeping cat

Timing and amplitude characteristics of diaphragmatic muscle activity following bilateral local warming of the preoptic area/anterior hypothalamic region (POAH) were studied during sleep in free-moving, intact adult cats. Warming of the POAH increased local brain temperature by 1.4-3.7 degrees C and elicited thermal tachypnea (panting) during quiet sleep (QS). Following transition to rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, the tachypnea, initially induced by warming during QS, diminished, but respiratory rates remained above baseline REM levels, and an intermittent pattern of faster and slower breathing rates developed. In QS, tachypnea resulted primarily from a decline in inspiratory time (TI), whereas in REM sleep, reduction in expiratory time (TE) was more prominent. Although diaphragmatic electromyographic amplitude decreased by 40% during panting in QS, the much higher respiratory rates (+350%) resulted in apparent increases in relative ventilation and inspiratory drive. A less pronounced respiratory rate change (+46%) emerged during REM sleep, resulting in no significant changes in ventilation and inspiratory drive in response to warming in that state. The results suggest that descending thermal influences on respiratory patterning differ between QS and REM states in both overall respiratory rate and on relative TI and TE, and thus do not affect inspiratory drive exclusively.