Becoming and being courageous in the chronically ill elderly

This grounded theory study was conducted to develop a conceptual framework of courage in the chronically ill elderly. Theoretical sampling was utilized, and 21 individuals who were 67 to 94 years of age were interviewed. The interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data analysis was conducted using the constant comparative method. Based on the findings, becoming and being courageous is a lifelong process that includes a variety of learning experiences. Problem solving is involved, and it is thought to enable the transformation of struggles into challenges. Courageous behaviors are identifiable, and can be maintained with the help of nursing interventions. Outcomes of being courageous include a sense of equanimity and personal integrity.