Etiology of postpartum depression--a review

The literature on the etiology of postpartum depression was explored, including demographic, gynecologic-obstetric, biological, psychopathological, cognitive-behavioral, sociocultural and psychosocial factors. Prevailing views about the causation of postpartum depression reflect a multifactorial theory in which all of the selected factors contribute. Empirically derived evidence in support of such a theory is, however, not yet readily available. The emphasis in investigative work regarding the etiology of postpartum depression now appears to be in the psychosocial areas. The underlying assumption from a psychosocial perspective is that postpartum depression results from the stress of the peripartum period and adjustments to child-care responsibilities. In Taiwan, Chen (1994) confirmed the basic Postpartum Depression Model, supporting the predicted relationships between perceived stress, social support, self-esteem and postpartum depression. This model can be incorporated into the nursing body of knowledge. Based on this predictive theory, scientifically valid nursing interventions can be developed and tested.