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Streptobacillus moniliformis--a zoonotic pathogen. Taxonomic considerations, host species, diagnosis, therapy,
1Central Institute for Laboratory Animal Breeding, Dept. Bacteriology & Hygiene, Hannover, Germany.
Abstract:
Streptobacillus moniliformis (Sm), the causative agent of rat-bite fever and Haverhill fever in man, is also a pathogen in certain laboratory and domestic animals. With the introduction of modern maintenance systems, this microorganism seemed to be eradicated from laboratory animal units, but recent reports of Streptobacillus moniliformis (Sm) in colonies of laboratory rodents give evidence that this 'forgotten' bacterium can still be found even behind hygienic barrier systems. Although various national and international recommendations on microbiological screening include Sm, attempts to screen might fail because of insufficient knowledge about this remarkable bacterium. This article highlights these problems. As there is no recent review of Streptobacillus moniliformis, present knowledge of this zoonotic agent is summarized to include: description of the bacterium, its taxonomic position, host spectrum and clinical importance for animals and man, cultivation, diagnosis, antibiotic therapy, risk to laboratory personnel (occupational hazard) and geographical distribution.
Insights
Streptobacillus moniliformis, a cause of rat-bite fever, persists in lab rodents despite hygiene systems. Insufficient knowledge hinders effective screening for this zoonotic bacterium.
Area of Science:
- Microbiology
- Zoonotic Diseases
- Veterinary Pathology
Background:
- Streptobacillus moniliformis causes rat-bite and Haverhill fevers in humans and is a pathogen in animals.
- Modern laboratory animal husbandry aimed to eradicate this bacterium, but recent findings show its continued presence in rodent colonies.
- This resurgence highlights gaps in understanding and screening protocols for this 'forgotten' bacterium.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide a comprehensive review of Streptobacillus moniliformis, addressing knowledge deficits.
- To detail the bacterium's characteristics, including taxonomy, host range, and clinical significance.
- To inform on cultivation, diagnosis, treatment, and occupational risks associated with this zoonotic agent.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and synthesis of existing knowledge on Streptobacillus moniliformis.
- Compilation of data on the bacterium's description, host spectrum, and clinical impact.
- Summary of current practices and challenges in cultivation, diagnosis, and therapy.
Main Results:
- Streptobacillus moniliformis remains a relevant pathogen in laboratory rodents, even within barrier facilities.
- Screening for Sm can be challenging due to incomplete knowledge and potential diagnostic limitations.
- The bacterium poses an occupational hazard to laboratory personnel.
Conclusions:
- Despite its 'forgotten' status, Streptobacillus moniliformis requires continued vigilance and improved diagnostic strategies.
- Enhanced understanding of Sm is crucial for effective control in animal facilities and prevention of human infections.
- This review consolidates essential information to aid researchers and veterinarians in managing this zoonotic threat.