Oncologic applications of endoscopy

Endoscopic examinations provide a valuable, noninvasive adjunct in the diagnosis and staging of many neoplastic disorders (Table 1). Additionally, the clinical applications of endoscopic-guided laser or photodynamic therapy have yet to be investigated thoroughly in companion animals. Endoscopy does not eliminate the need for other diagnostics, rather it should be considered complementary to more "traditional" procedures such as radiography, surgery, and ultrasonography.