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Thyroid abnormalities after therapeutic external radiation

S L Hancock¹, I R McDougall, L S Constine

¹Department of Radiation Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA 94305, USA.

International Journal of Radiation Oncology, Biology, Physics

|March 30, 1995

Summary

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Therapeutic radiation can cause thyroid dysfunction, including hypothyroidism and an increased risk of thyroid cancer. Regular monitoring is crucial for individuals who have undergone neck or pituitary irradiation due to potential long-term effects.

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Radiation Oncology
Oncology

Background:

The thyroid gland is susceptible to abnormalities following therapeutic radiation.
External radiation can lead to significant thyroid dysfunction and increased cancer risk.

Purpose of the Study:

To summarize the effects of therapeutic external radiation on the thyroid gland.
To highlight the risks of hypothyroidism, thyroid cancer, and other abnormalities after radiation exposure.

Main Methods:

Review of clinical observations and dose-response relationships for thyroid abnormalities after radiation.
Analysis of risks associated with specific radiation doses and patient age.

Main Results:

Doses >26 Gy to the thyroid frequently cause hypothyroidism (overt or subclinical).

Related Experiment Videos

Pituitary/hypothalamic hypothyroidism can occur with doses >50 Gy to the pituitary.

Radiation increases the risk of Graves' disease, thyroiditis, benign adenomas, and thyroid cancer (15-53 fold).

Thyroid cancer risk is highest after radiation at a young age and increases with follow-up duration.

Conclusions:

Therapeutic radiation poses significant risks to thyroid function and increases thyroid cancer incidence.
Long-term, periodic clinical and laboratory evaluation is essential for irradiated individuals to manage potential thyroid morbidity.