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Orthotopic cardiac transplantation with direct caval anastomosis: is it the optimal procedure?
P H Deleuze1, C Benvenuti, J P Mazzucotelli
1Cardiothoracic Surgery and Cardiac Rehabilitation Center, CNRS URA 1431 Thérapeutiques Substitutives du Coeur et des Vaisseaux, C.H.U. Henri Mondor, Créteil, France.
Insights
The "anatomic" heart transplant technique, involving right atrial excision, significantly improves sinus rhythm recovery and reduces atrial size compared to the standard Shumway and Lower procedure. This approach shows promising hemodynamic benefits and lower early mortality in cardiac transplantation.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Cardiac Surgery
- Transplantation Medicine
Background:
- The standard Shumway and Lower procedure for orthotopic cardiac transplantation involves specific atrial anastomoses.
- An alternative
- anatomic
- technique with total right atrial excision has been proposed.
Purpose of the Study:
- To prospectively compare the outcomes of the standard orthotopic cardiac transplantation with the novel
- anatomic
- technique.
Main Methods:
- A prospective randomized trial involving 78 patients (81 procedures) comparing standard (Group I, n=40) and
- anatomic
- (Group II, n=41) transplantation.
- Data collected included patient and donor demographics, cardiopulmonary bypass times, rhythm recovery, hemodynamics, mortality, and echocardiographic findings.
Main Results:
- The
- anatomic
- technique showed significantly higher immediate sinus rhythm recovery (36 vs 20) and no persistent atrial arrhythmias (0 vs 5).
- Group II demonstrated improved cardiac index at day 1 (4.12 vs 3.77 L/min/m²) and reduced early mortality (8 vs 13 deaths).
- Post-transplant echocardiography revealed significantly smaller right and left atrial areas and less tricuspid regurgitation in Group II.
Conclusions:
- The
- anatomic
- cardiac transplantation technique offers significant advantages in rhythm recovery, hemodynamics, and atrial remodeling.
- This method appears to be an optimal alternative to the standard procedure, associated with reduced early mortality and complications like sinus node dysfunction.
Abstract:
Total excision of the right atrium with a minimal cuff of left atrium remaining around the four pulmonary veins, followed by direct anastomoses on venae cavae, has been proposed as an alternative to the standard procedure described by Shumway and Lower for orthotopic cardiac transplantation. To investigate whether this "anatomic" transplantation should be proposed as the optimal procedure, we prospectively randomized 78 patients having 81 procedures since 1991 into two groups: group I, standard transplantation (n = 40), and group II, "anatomic" transplantation (n = 41). The two groups were statistically similar in recipient age, sex, weight, disease, and status at the time of transplantation. Also similar were donor age, sex, weight, and drug dependency at the time of harvesting. All patients could be weaned from cardiopulmonary bypass with comparable graft ischemic times (group I, 136 +/- 46 minutes; group II, 138 +/- 51 minutes). Immediate recovery of sinus rhythm occurred in 20 cases of group I and 36 cases of group II. Delayed recovery of sinus rhythm in the first postoperative week occurred in 15 cases of group I and 5 cases of group II. Persistence of atrial arrhythmia occurred in 5 cases of group I and never in group II. These differences were highly significant (p < 0.001). Postoperative hemodynamics showed a higher cardiac index at day 1 in group II (4.12 +/- 0.85 L/min per square meter) than in group I (3.77 +/- 0.65 L/min per square meter) (p = 0.04). There were 13 early deaths in group I and 8 early deaths in group II. One death in group I was related to an acute atrioventricular block at 3 weeks with no evidence of cardiac rejection at histologic examination. Two patients in group I (5%) required definitive pacemaker implantation for prolonged sinus node dysfunction. Echocardiographic and Doppler studies of survivors have been performed 2 to 3 months after transplantation. Right atrial area was significantly reduced (p < 0.01) in group II (18 +/- 4.7 cm2) versus group I (24 +/- 7 cm2), as was left atrial area (group I, 24 +/- 4.5 cm2; group II, 20 +/- 5 cm2) (p = 0.01). Mild tricuspid regurgitation was observed in 82% of group I patients versus 57% of group II patients (p < 0.05), inasmuch as mitral regurgitation was comparable (71% in group I, 67% in group II).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)