Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Sympathetic Signaling01:31

Sympathetic Signaling

3.4K
Sympathetic signaling, a vital part of the autonomic nervous system, plays a crucial role in mobilizing the body's resources in response to stress or emergencies. It involves the transmission of nerve impulses from sympathetic preganglionic fibers to postganglionic fibers. This results in the release of specific neurotransmitters and activation of adrenergic receptors.
Sympathetic preganglionic fibers release the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) onto the ganglionic neurons in the...
3.4K
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

9.5K
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
9.5K
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

92.7K
Because many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic, they do not cross the cell membrane and thus their message must be relayed to a second messenger on the inside. There are several second messenger pathways, each with their own way of relaying information. G-protein coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol path is active when the receptor induces phospholipase C to hydrolyze the phospholipid,...
92.7K
What are Second Messengers?01:12

What are Second Messengers?

5.0K
No description available
5.0K
Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action01:26

Secondary Messengers in Hormone Action

6.2K
Water-soluble hormones cannot cross the plasma membrane, so they rely on protein receptors that span the membrane to trigger intracellular signaling pathways. These pathways then activate second messengers inside the cell, including cAMP or calcium ions.
Many hormones bind to transmembrane G protein-coupled receptors that connect to regulatory G proteins. These G proteins can then activate enzymes such as adenylyl cyclase or phospholipase C. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP to cAMP, activating...
6.2K
Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action01:26

Neurochemical Transmission: Sites of Drug Action

3.9K
Neurochemical transmission, the conduction of electrical impulses between neurons mediated by neurotransmitters, plays a vital role in various physiological processes. Autonomic drugs exert their effects by modulating neurotransmission within the autonomic nervous system. For instance, drugs such as hemicholinium block the precursor uptake necessary for synthesizing acetylcholine, an essential autonomic neurotransmitter. Following synthesis, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles. Metyrosine...
3.9K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

The influence of cold temperature exposure on markers of bone health in humans: A scoping review.

Journal of thermal biology·2026
Same author

Review of technologies for phosphorus immobilization in biosolids-impacted soils.

The Science of the total environment·2025
Same author

Advanced quantitative evaluation of PET systems using the ACR phantom and NiftyPET software.

Medical physics·2022
Same author

Implementing the Royal College of Radiologists' Radiotherapy Target Volume Definition and Peer Review Guidelines: More Still To Do?

Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))·2019
Same author

Bacteriological, Physicochemical, and Sensory Quality of Fresh Pork Chops with Low-Dose Irradiation and Modified-Atmosphere Packaging.

Journal of food protection·2019
Same author

Target Volume Delineation Training for Clinical Oncology Trainees: The Role of ARENA and COPP.

Clinical oncology (Royal College of Radiologists (Great Britain))·2019

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats

Published on: May 27, 2021

9.0K

Second messenger systems in Tourette's syndrome

H S Singer1, J Dickson, D Martinie

  • 1Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287-8811, USA.

Journal of the Neurological Sciences
|January 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Second messenger system abnormalities are implicated in neuropsychiatric disorders. This study found no significant differences in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) activity in Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS) brain tissues, but noted alterations in protein kinase C activity.

More Related Videos

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition
08:55

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

Published on: February 8, 2018

9.8K
Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
12:33

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Published on: January 1, 2014

9.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Mar 30, 2026

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats
07:38

Generating Acute and Chronic Experimental Models of Motor Tic Expression in Rats

Published on: May 27, 2021

9.0K
Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition
08:55

Online Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Protocol for Measuring Cortical Physiology Associated with Response Inhibition

Published on: February 8, 2018

9.8K
Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
12:33

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation

Published on: January 1, 2014

9.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Second messenger systems, including cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and phosphoinositide (PI) pathways, are crucial for neuronal function.
  • Alterations in these systems are hypothesized to underlie various neuropsychiatric disorders.
  • Previous research suggests reduced cAMP levels in specific brain regions of individuals with Gilles de la Tourette syndrome (TS).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate functional activities within the cAMP and phosphoinositide systems in postmortem cortical tissues from adults with TS.
  • To quantify plasma cAMP concentrations in children diagnosed with TS.
  • To explore potential molecular underpinnings of TS related to second messenger signaling.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of adenylyl cyclase, cAMP phosphodiesterase, and guanine nucleotide protein activity in postmortem cortical samples (frontal and occipital lobes) from TS patients and controls.
  • Measurement of plasma cAMP levels in pediatric TS patients and controls.
  • Assessment of postmortem membrane receptor binding for protein kinase C and inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) receptors.

Main Results:

  • No significant differences in adenylyl cyclase activity or D2 receptor-mediated signaling were observed between TS and control cortical tissues.
  • Plasma cAMP concentrations were similar in children with TS and controls.
  • Increased protein kinase C binding was found in occipital cortex (A17) of TS samples, while frontal cortex (A4) showed normal binding. IP3 receptor binding was not significantly altered.

Conclusions:

  • The study did not find significant alterations in the cAMP system's functional activity in the analyzed cortical regions of adult TS patients.
  • Observed increases in protein kinase C binding in specific cortical areas warrant further investigation.
  • These findings suggest that while major cAMP pathway components may be intact, other signaling pathways like protein kinase C could be dysregulated in TS.