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Akabane virus

J A Charles1

  • 1Veterinary Pathology Services Pty Ltd, Sydney, Australia.

The Veterinary Clinics of North America. Food Animal Practice
|November 1, 1994
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Akabane virus causes congenital malformations in ruminants via insect vectors. Fetal infection leads to severe neurological and musculoskeletal defects, often resulting in nonviable offspring.

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Area of Science:

  • Veterinary Virology
  • Teratology
  • Epidemiology

Background:

  • Akabane virus (AKAV), an arthropod-borne Bunyavirus, is a significant cause of congenital malformations in ruminants globally.
  • Transmission occurs horizontally via blood-sucking insects, with climatic factors influencing vector activity and disease outbreaks.
  • Infection in pregnant, non-immune ruminants can lead to fetal abnormalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To detail the pathogenesis of Akabane virus infection in ruminant fetuses.
  • To describe the clinical manifestations and diagnostic approaches for Akabane virus-induced teratogenesis.
  • To inform control strategies for Akabane virus outbreaks.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on Akabane virus epidemiology, transmission, and pathogenesis.

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  • Analysis of pathological findings in naturally and experimentally infected ruminant fetuses.
  • Discussion of diagnostic techniques including serology and viral isolation.

    • Main Results:

    • Akabane virus targets rapidly dividing fetal cells, particularly in the central nervous system and skeletal muscle.
    • Infection leads to necrotizing encephalomyelitis and polymyositis, causing severe congenital defects like arthrogryposis and hydranencephaly.
    • The severity of fetal lesions correlates with the stage of gestation at the time of infection.

    Conclusions:

    • Akabane virus infection during pregnancy is a major cause of congenital abnormalities in ruminants, with significant economic impact.
    • Early gestational infections result in more severe and widespread developmental disruptions.
    • Accurate diagnosis and differentiation from other teratogenic agents are crucial for effective management.