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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

RNA Polymerase (RNAP) is conserved in all animals, with bacterial, archaeal, and eukaryotic RNAPs sharing significant sequence, structural, and functional similarities. Among the three eukaryotic RNAPs, RNA Polymerase II is most similar to bacterial RNAP in terms of both structural organization and folding topologies of the enzyme subunits. However, these similarities are not reflected in their mechanism of action.
All three eukaryotic RNAPs require specific transcription factors, of which the...

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Transcriptional attenuation occurs when RNA transcription is prematurely terminated due to the formation of a terminator mRNA hairpin structure. Bacteria use these hairpins to regulate the transcription process and control the synthesis of several amino acids including histidine, lysine, threonine, and phenylalanine. Transcription attenuation takes place in the non-coding regions of mRNA.
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Transcription can be divided into three main stages, each involving distinct DNA sequences to guide the polymerase. These are:

Transcription Initiation

Transcription Initiation

Initiation is the first step of transcription in eukaryotes. Prokaryotic RNA Polymerase (RNAP) can bind to the template DNA and start transcribing. On the other hand, transcription in eukaryotes requires additional proteins, called transcription factors, to first bind to the promoter region in the DNA template. This binding helps recruit the specific RNAP that can assemble on the DNA and start transcription.
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Eukaryotic RNA Polymerases

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Transcription in Prokaryotes

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Transcription is a highly regulated process that converts genetic information into RNA molecules. The transcription cycle is divided into three key stages: initiation, elongation, and termination, each driven by specific molecular mechanisms.Initiation of TranscriptionIn bacteria, transcription begins when the RNA polymerase core enzyme associates with a sigma factor to form a holoenzyme. For example, the E. coli sigma factor called σ70 forms a holoenzyme, which recognizes the -10 (Pribnow box)...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2026

Analysis of Termination of Transcription Using BrUTP-strand-specific Transcription Run-on (TRO) Approach

Analysis of Termination of Transcription Using BrUTP-strand-specific Transcription Run-on (TRO) Approach

Published on: March 12, 2017

Coupling between transcription termination and RNA polymerase inchworming

E Nudler¹, M Kashlev, V Nikiforov

¹Public Health Research Institute, New York, New York 10016, USA.

|May 5, 1995

Summary

RNA polymerase movement involves alternating steps. Oligo(T) tracts signal termination by coordinating inchworming, straining, and RNA release, revealing key steps in transcription termination.

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Biochemistry
Genetics

Background:

* E. coli RNA polymerase advances through alternating monotonic and inchworm-like movements during transcription.
* Inchworming cycles involve DNA/RNA straining and relaxation, leading to characteristic footprint leaps.

Purpose of the Study:

* To investigate the role of oligo(T) tracts in transcription termination.
* To elucidate the mechanism of RNA polymerase inchworming and its relation to termination.

Main Methods:

* Investigated the function of oligo(T) tracts in transcription terminators.
* Utilized cleavage-defective EcoRI protein as a roadblock to inhibit inchworming leaps.
* Assessed the impact of roadblock on RNA chain release at termination sites.

Main Results:

* Oligo(T) tracts function as inchworming signals, synchronizing leaps with termination.
* Blocking inchworming leaps with EcoRI protein suppressed RNA release.
* Demonstrated that straining and relaxation of RNA polymerase are integral to termination.

Conclusions:

* Oligo(T) tracts are crucial signals for coordinating RNA polymerase inchworming with transcription termination.
* The straining and relaxation of the ternary complex during inchworming are essential steps in the termination mechanism.