Brain size and morphology in miniaturized plethodontid salamanders

In six miniaturized salamanders of the family Plethodontidae, including one of the smallest tetrapod vertebrates. Thorius pennatulus, the anatomical consequences of miniaturization for the brain were investigated. We determined (1) absolute and relative size of the brain, major parts of the brain, the tectum and tectal gray matter, (2) nerve cell size and density, and (3) the number of cells within the visual and visuomotor centers (thalamus, tectum/praetectum and tegmentum). No common compensatory strategy for the brain among the miniaturized salamanders was found. Except for the smallest species, T. pennatulus, only some of the expected compensatory processes (increase in relative size of the brain, relative size of visual centers, relative amount of gray matter or relative density of cell packing density) are found in any species, and these occur in different combinations and degrees. The most decisive factor for maximizing cell number was cell size. Miniaturized species with small cells also have many visual cells, regardless of the other factors. In contrast, the minimum number of visual neurons is found in miniaturized salamanders with large cells. It is concluded that the neuroanatomical traits investigated exert different degrees of resistance to adaptive compensatory processes. Cell size seems to be the most resistant parameter and is strictly dependent on genome size.