Involvement of protein kinase C during taxol-induced activation of murine peritoneal macrophages

Taxol has been known to block cell division by stabilizing microtubules with promising anticancer activity. However, taxol has distinct cell cycle-independent effects. Recently, this novel drug has been shown to provide a second signal for murine macrophage activation to tumoricidal activity via L-arginine-dependent nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. To investigate the mechanism of taxol-induced NO synthesis, we evaluated the ability of protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors such as staurosporine (STSN) or polymyxin B to block taxol-induced effects. Taxol alone had only a small effect, whereas taxol in combination with rIFN-gamma markedly increased NO synthesis in a dose-dependent manner. STSN and polymyxin B decreased NO synthesis, which had been induced by rIFN-gamma plus taxol. Furthermore, prolonged incubation of the cells with phorbol ester, which down-regulates PKC activity, abolished synergistic cooperative effect of taxol with rIFN-gamma on NO synthesis. Synergy between IFN-gamma and taxol was mainly dependent on taxol-induced TNF-alpha secretion because not only the increase of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) gene expression by rIFN-gamma plus taxol was associated with the increased expression of TNF-alpha gene but also taxol-induced NO production was decreased by the treatment of anti-murine TNF-alpha neutralizing Abs. STSN and polymyxin B potently inhibited taxol-induced TNF-alpha secretion and TNF-alpha gene expression as well as iNOS gene expression by rIFN-gamma plus taxol. However, rIFN-gamma plus TNF-alpha-induced NO synthesis was not blocked by STSN or polymyxin B. This result indicates that TNF-alpha-induced signaling for induction of NO synthesis is not dependent on PKC activation, and further suggests that the point at which TNF-alpha acts on the NO synthesis from rIFN-gamma-primed macrophages lies next to the point of PKC activation. In conclusion, the present results strongly suggest that the capacity of taxol to increase NO synthesis from rIFN-gamma-primed macrophages is the result of taxol-induced TNF-alpha secretion via the signal transduction pathway of PKC activation.