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Related Concept Videos

Base Excision Repair01:54

Base Excision Repair

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One of the common DNA damages is the chemical alteration of single bases by alkylation, oxidation, or deamination. The altered bases cause mispairing and strand breakage during replication. This type of damage causes minimal change to the DNA double helix structure and can be repaired by the base excision repair (BER) pathways. BER corrects damaged DNA sequences by removing the damaged base and restoring the original base sequence using the complementary strand as a template.
The first step of...
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Lewis Acids and Bases02:33

Lewis Acids and Bases

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In 1923, G. N. Lewis proposed a generalized definition of acid-base behavior in which acids and bases are identified by their ability to accept or to donate a pair of electrons and form a coordinate covalent bond.
A coordinate covalent bond (or dative bond) occurs when one of the atoms in the bond provides both bonding electrons. For example, a coordinate covalent bond occurs when a water molecule combines with a hydrogen ion to form a hydronium ion. A coordinate covalent bond also results when...
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Weak Base Solutions03:21

Weak Base Solutions

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Some compounds produce hydroxide ions when dissolved by chemically reacting with water molecules. In all cases, these compounds react only partially and so are classified as weak bases. These types of compounds are also abundant in nature and important commodities in various technologies. For example, global production of the weak base ammonia is typically well over 100 metric tons annually, being widely used as an agricultural fertilizer, a raw material for chemical synthesis of other...
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DNA Base Pairing02:27

DNA Base Pairing

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Erwin Chargaff’s rules on DNA equivalence paved the way for the discovery of base pairing in DNA. Chargaff’s rules state that in a double-stranded DNA molecule,
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Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

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Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
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Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH01:10

Acid–Base Equilibria: Activity-Based Definition of pH

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For an ideal solution, the pH is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration. For a non-ideal solution, an accurate measurement of the pH must consider the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion activity rather than concentration. In such a solution, the pH can be more accurately defined as the negative logarithm of a product of the hydrogen ion concentration and its activity coefficient.
In solutions of very low ionic strength—for example, pure water—the...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery
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Role of Diffusion MRI Tractography in Endoscopic Endonasal Skull Base Surgery

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Craniopharyngioma: based on 160 cases

M Banna

    The British Journal of Radiology
    |March 1, 1976
    PubMed
    Summary

    This study reviews craniopharyngiomas, analyzing clinical and radiological features from UK neuroscience centers. It examines tumor origins and imaging findings to improve understanding of this rare brain tumor.

    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Oncology
    • Radiology

    Background:

    • Craniopharyngiomas are rare tumors originating from Rathke's pouch remnants.
    • Understanding their diverse clinical and radiological presentations is crucial for diagnosis and management.

    Observation:

    • This retrospective study analyzed a large cohort of craniopharyngiomas from five major UK neuroscience centers.
    • Clinical data and radiological imaging (MRI, CT) were reviewed for each case.

    Findings:

    • The study details the common and rare clinical symptoms associated with craniopharyngiomas.
    • Radiological manifestations, including tumor location, size, and cystic/solid components, are comprehensively described.
    • The review correlates imaging findings with tumor origin and potential diagnostic pitfalls.

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    Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

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    Mating-based Overexpression Library Screening in Yeast
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    Implications:

    • Enhanced understanding of craniopharyngioma manifestations can aid in earlier and more accurate diagnosis.
    • This review provides valuable insights for neurosurgeons, radiologists, and oncologists managing these complex tumors.
    • Further research into specific radiological markers may improve treatment planning and patient outcomes.