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Nucleotides as extracellular signalling molecules

Z P Chen1, A Levy, S L Lightman

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Bristol, Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK.

Journal of Neuroendocrinology
|February 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary
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Extracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and nucleotides act as signaling molecules. They activate P2 purinoceptors, influencing neurotransmission and neuroendocrine regulation in the central nervous system.

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Signaling
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and other nucleotides are recognized as extracellular signaling molecules.
  • These nucleotides are released from cellular components like synaptosomes.
  • They exert their effects through a diverse family of P2 purinoceptors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the roles of extracellular nucleotides and their receptors in cellular communication.
  • To explore the classification and distribution of P2 purinoceptor subtypes.
  • To understand the signaling mechanisms and physiological implications of P2 receptor activation.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on P2 purinoceptor research.
  • Analysis of cloned P2 receptor subtypes (P2X, P2Y, P2U, P2T, P2D).

Related Experiment Videos

  • Examination of signaling pathways, including inositol phosphate and calcium signaling.

    • Main Results:

    • Four P2 purinoceptor subtypes have been cloned, categorized into ligand-gated ion channels (P2X) and G protein-coupled receptors (P2Y, P2U, P2T, P2D).
    • Distinct tissue distributions exist for different P2 receptor subtypes, with P2X receptors predominantly in neurons and muscles, and P2T/P2Z in platelets/immune cells.
    • Inositol phosphate and calcium signaling are key transduction mechanisms for G-protein linked P2 receptors.

    Conclusions:

    • Multiple P2 receptors are expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) by neurons, glia, and neuroendocrine cells.
    • Extracellular nucleotides, including ATP, function significantly as neurotransmitters.
    • Nucleotides also play crucial roles as neuroendocrine regulatory messengers, highlighting their broad physiological impact.