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Nipple confusion: toward a formal definition
M Neifert1, R Lawrence, J Seacat
1Lactation Program, Presbyterian/St. Luke's Medical Center, Denver, CO 80218, USA.
The Journal of Pediatrics
|June 1, 1995
Summary
Nipple confusion, an infant's difficulty breastfeeding after bottle use, lacks scientific data. This article defines it and suggests minimizing bottle use in at-risk newborns.
Area of Science:
- Pediatrics
- Lactation Science
- Infant Nutrition
Background:
- Nipple confusion is frequently cited as a cause of early breastfeeding failure.
- Scientific data on its prevalence, mechanisms, and risk factors are limited.
Purpose of the Study:
- To formally define nipple confusion.
- To propose hypotheses regarding its causes.
- To identify risk factors and suggest clinical management.
Main Methods:
- Literature review and theoretical framework development.
- Classification of nipple confusion based on infant age and breastfeeding establishment.
- Discussion of maternal and infant risk factors.
Main Results:
- Formal definition of nipple confusion provided.
- Two classifications proposed: early newborn period vs. after breastfeeding is established.
- Maternal and infant risk factors identified.
Conclusions:
- Nipple confusion requires further scientific investigation.
- Clinicians should identify at-risk infants and minimize bottle use.
- Alternative feeding methods like cup or spoon feeding are recommended for supplements.