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Phase constrained encoding (PACE): a technique for MRI in large static field inhomogeneities

J K Kim1, D B Plewes, R M Henkelman

  • 1Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
|April 1, 1995
PubMed
Summary

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) inaccuracies due to magnetic field inhomogeneity are addressed by phase constrained encoding (PACE). This technique accurately locates magnetization using spin echoes and alternating gradients, minimizing artifacts.

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Area of Science:

  • Medical Imaging
  • Physics
  • Biomedical Engineering

Background:

  • Spin echo imaging assigns magnetization location based on rotation frequency.
  • Static magnetic field inhomogeneity causes location misassignment in conventional MRI.
  • Accurate spatial localization of magnetization is crucial for reliable imaging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and validate a novel magnetic resonance imaging technique, phase constrained encoding (PACE).
  • To address the challenge of magnetization mislocalization caused by magnetic field inhomogeneities.
  • To improve the spatial accuracy of spin echo imaging.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a spin echo train in conjunction with alternating readout gradients.
  • Developed and implemented a simplified version of the phase constrained encoding (PACE) technique.

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  • Performed simulations to predict the behavior and performance of PACE.

    • Main Results:

    • PACE successfully assigns magnetization to its true location, overcoming static magnetic field inhomogeneity.
    • Simulations confirmed the efficacy of the PACE technique.
    • Minor artifactual side-bands were observed in the point spread function.

    Conclusions:

    • Phase constrained encoding (PACE) is a viable technique for accurate spatial localization in spin echo MRI.
    • Artifacts can be minimized through optimization of gradient strengths, echo numbers, and acquisition strategies.
    • Experimental implementation validated the simulated performance of PACE.