Environmental effects of nationwide selenium fertilization in Finland

To study the possible pollution of natural waters by selenium added to agricultural fertilizers, water selenium concentrations were determined in lakes and ground water pools during the year 1992, when the enrichment of fertilizers by selenium had continued for 8 yr. Water samples were preconcentrated by evaporating, and selenium concentrations were analyzed fluorometrically using the dye 2,3-diaminonaphthalene after wet digestion. In lake water samples from 13 lakes, no significant correlations were found between selenium and pH, chlorophyll A, total nitrogen, or phosphorus. Agriculturally affected and nonaffected lakes had no differences in their selenium concentrations. In the lakes that were surrounded by cultivated fields mean water selenium was 83.4 ng/L (range: 75.2-93.4 ng/L, n = 9). Correspondingly, in lakes situated in forests without agricultural surroundings, mean water selenium concentration was 76.5 ng/L (range: 51.2-110 ng/L, n = 3). Only one lake in the close vicinity of a coal power plant had a high water selenium concentration (mean 272 ng/L). In ground water samples, there was a big variation in selenium levels between different pools, the levels varying between 33 and 260 ng/L. This variation may partly be explained by different selenium concentrations of the bedrock and sediments. However, simultaneous increase of total nitrogen, phosphorus, and selenium levels in consecutive samples from some ground water pools indicates leaching of selenium from the fertilizers into the ground water in certain areas.