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Related Concept Videos

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle01:22

Hormonal Regulation of the Menstrual Cycle

The ovarian cycle regulates endometrial changes throughout a single menstrual cycle via the coordinated action of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotrophins.
At puberty, GnRH begins a pulsatile release pattern, which triggers the anterior pituitary gland to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). The frequency and amplitude of GnRH pulses vary across the menstrual cycle, with faster pulses favoring LH release and slower pulses favoring FSH release.
The Menstrual Cycle01:19

The Menstrual Cycle

The menstrual cycle is a recurrent sequence of changes in the uterine endometrium, specifically its functional layer, the stratum functionalis. This cycle prepares the uterus for potential pregnancy. This cycle typically spans 21–35 days, averaging 28 days, and aligns with the ovarian cycle, regulated by fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones, primarily estrogen and progesterone.
The menstrual phase occurs from days 1 to 5 and involves the shedding of the stratum functionalis, as a uterine...
Menses Phase01:18

Menses Phase

The uterine cycle begins with the menstrual phase, which is considered day one of the cycle and typically lasts about five days. This phase is characterized by the degeneration and shedding of the stratum functionalis, the functional layer of the endometrium.
When fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum deteriorates, causing a significant drop in the levels of estrogen and progesterone in the body. This hormonal decrease triggers the release of prostaglandins, which cause the uterine...
Secretory Phase01:19

Secretory Phase

The secretory phase of the menstrual cycle, spanning from day 14 to 28 in a typical 28-day cycle, is a period of significant physiological changes in the female reproductive system. This phase commences immediately after ovulation and is characterized by the preparation of the endometrium for potential embryo implantation.
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Disorders of the Female Reproductive System01:24

Disorders of the Female Reproductive System

The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia01:27

Depressive Disorders: MDD and Dysthymia

Depressive disorders are a group of mental health conditions characterized by pervasive feelings of sadness, diminished pleasure in life, and a significant impact on daily functioning. These conditions are most prevalent in individuals during their 30s and affect women at twice the rate of men. Contrary to popular belief, younger individuals are generally more susceptible to these disorders than older adults. Two key types of depressive disorders include Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and...

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Intraoperative Detection of Subtle Endometriosis: A Novel Paradigm for Detection and Treatment of Pelvic Pain Associated with the Loss of Peritoneal Integrity
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Contribution of generalized negative affect to elevated menstrual cycle symptom reporting

O van den Akker, N Sharifian, A Packer

    Health Care for Women International
    |May 1, 1995
    PubMed
    Summary

    Many women believe they have premenstrual syndrome (PMS), but daily symptom tracking often does not support these beliefs. Negative affect may slightly influence symptom reporting, but the self-label of PMS is also a key factor.

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    Published on: October 4, 2024

    Area of Science:

    • Psychology
    • Women's Health
    • Reproductive Health

    Background:

    • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) is a common condition affecting women.
    • Belief in PMS may influence symptom reporting and distress.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the discrepancy between retrospective beliefs of PMS and daily symptom reporting.
    • To examine the role of negative affect in PMS symptom reporting.

    Main Methods:

    • 121 women completed retrospective PMS questionnaires.
    • Daily symptom ratings were collected over one menstrual cycle.
    • Positive and negative affect questionnaires were administered.

    Main Results:

    • A subgroup of women reported PMS symptoms retrospectively, but daily ratings did not confirm these changes.
    • This subgroup showed a small but significant association with higher negative affect.
    • The meaning attributed to the PMS label may contribute to symptom reporting.

    Conclusions:

    • Retrospective beliefs about PMS may not align with objective daily symptom patterns.
    • Negative affect is a minor factor, suggesting other psychological elements influence PMS perception.
    • The self-identified label of PMS plays a role in symptom reporting and distress.