General principles of flap reconstruction: goals for aesthetic and functional outcome

Plastic surgeons are often requested to reconstruct defects following traumatic injury or after tumor ablation. These defects most commonly occur in the head and neck region and in the extremities. Reconstructions must balance the aesthetic and functional goals against morbidity of the donor site. This article provides a better understanding of reconstructive flaps through application of general principles. Flaps are classified according to type. Characteristics of both the donor site and the reconstructive recipient site are then explored. Case examples serve to illustrate the general principles enumerated.