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The stress response in critical illness

D Michelson1, P W Gold, E M Sternberg

  • 1Clinical Neuroendocrinology Branch, National Institute of Mental Health, Bethesda, MD 20892.

New Horizons (Baltimore, Md.)
|November 1, 1994
PubMed
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The body uses specific and general responses to maintain homeostasis during stress. This review focuses on the generalized stress response, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and immune system interaction in critical illness.

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology

Background:

  • Homeostasis is the body's dynamic equilibrium, balancing internal and external forces.
  • Stressors disrupt homeostasis, triggering molecular, cellular, physiological, and behavioral responses.
  • Responses can be specific or generalized; severe disruptions elicit the general adaptation or stress syndrome.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To describe the elements and organization of the generalized stress response.
  • To highlight the interaction between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system.
  • To review current knowledge of this network in critical illness.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on stress response mechanisms.
  • Focus on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

Related Experiment Videos

  • Examination of interactions with the immune system.

    • Main Results:

    • Generalized stress responses are key to restoring homeostasis during severe disruptions.
    • The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis plays a central role in the stress response.
    • Significant interactions exist between the neuroendocrine and immune systems during stress.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding the generalized stress response is crucial for managing critical illness.
    • The interplay between the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the immune system is a critical area of study.
    • Further research is needed to fully elucidate this network in critical illness contexts.