Immunopathogenic role of T-cell subsets in Borna disease virus-induced progressive encephalitis

Borna disease is an immunopathological virus-induced encephalopathy comprising severe inflammation and degenerative brain cell lesions which results in organ atrophy and chronic debility in rats. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells have been reported to be involved in the development of this disease of the central nervous system. A virus-specific homogeneous T-cell line, established in vitro after immunization of rats with the recombinant 24-kDa virus-specific protein, showed antigen-specific proliferation in the presence of the 24-kDa but not the 38-kDa Borna disease virus-specific protein, another major virus-specific antigen. This T-cell line, P205, was found to exhibit characteristics of a T-helper cell: CD4+ CD8- IL-2- IL-4- IFN-gamma+ IL-6+ IL-10+. Furthermore, this T-cell line expressed the alpha/beta T-cell receptor and the alpha 4 integrin (VLA-4). Adoptive transfer of this helper cell resulted in an increase of antibody titers and two different types of disease in virus-infected rats after cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. (i) Rats receiving T cells between 10 and 18 days after treatment with cyclophosphamide showed an acute lymphoproliferative disease in the gut and lungs within 9 days after adoptive transfer and died. (ii) Passive transfer within the first 5 days after immunosuppressive treatment resulted in typical Borna disease associated with neurological symptoms such as ataxia and paresis starting 14 to 16 days after transfer. Immunohistological analysis of the brains of rats with Borna disease uniformly revealed the presence of CD8+ T cells in encephalitic lesions in addition to CD4+ cells that were found in the brains of recipients of the virus-specific CD4+ T-cell line, irrespective of whether neurological symptoms developed or not. However, recipient rats treated with antibodies against CD8+ T cells developed neither encephalitis nor disease. Therefore, CD4+ T cells appear to accumulate in the brain and cause perivascular inflammatory lesions which alone obviously do not cause disease. In contrast, the presence of CD8+ cells apparently directly correlates with the development of neurological symptoms.